Antarctica is the southernmost continent on Earth, surrounding the South Pole and almost entirely covered by a vast ice sheet. It is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, with extreme temperatures that can drop below -80°C (-112°F) in the interior. Despite its harsh climate, Antarctica plays a crucial role in the global climate system, as its ice sheets contain the majority of the world’s freshwater and significantly influence sea levels. The continent has no permanent residents, but thousands of scientists and researchers work there temporarily at international research stations.
Antarctica is governed by the Antarctic Treaty System, established in 1959, which designates the continent for peaceful purposes and scientific research while prohibiting military activity and mineral exploitation. Several countries maintain territorial claims, but these are held in abeyance under the treaty. The continent is home to unique wildlife such as penguins, seals, and various seabirds, which have adapted to the extreme environment. Due to its environmental sensitivity and importance to global climate research, Antarctica remains a key focus of international cooperation and conservation efforts.
